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The present study applies critical race theory and a raciolinguistic perspective to understand the orientations of language programs in the United States towards developing bilingualism. More specifically, the study draws on survey and in-depth interview data from self-identified Latinx Spanish-English bilinguals who participated in English-dominant and bilingual curricula. We establish that the practices and policies of extant programs are grounded in injurious ideologies that result in the racialization of Latinx students. In particular, the results point to multiple factors—student assessment and placements, teachers’ linguistic and social profiles, and instructors’ corrective feedback—all of which racialize heritage Spanish speakers by essentializing and homogenizing them and by linking them to notions of ‘other’, often with enduring consequences. The findings from the study provide valuable insights into the ways in which institutions that are meant to promote equality and inclusion instead serve to reproduce marginalization, as part and parcel of an ideologically racializing system.

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El presente estudio aplica la teoría crítica de la raza y una perspectiva raciolingüística para comprender las orientaciones de los programas lingüísticos en los Estados Unidos hacia el desarrollo del bilingüismo. Más concretamente, el estudio se basa en datos de encuestas y entrevistas en profundidad de latinxs que participaron en programas de estudio bilingües y de predominio del inglés. Establecemos que las prácticas y políticas de los programas existentes se fundan en ideologías perjudiciales que resultan en la racialización de los estudiantes latinxs. En particular, los resultados apuntan a múltiples factores —devaluación y nivelación de estudiantes, perfiles lingüísticos y sociales de los profesores, y sus prácticas de retroalimentación correctiva— de los que racializan a los hablantes de español de herencia al esencializarlos y homogeneizarlos y al vincularlos a las nociones de “otro”, a menudo con consecuencias duraderas. Los resultados del estudio proporcionan una valiosa visión de las formas en que las instituciones que se supone que promueven la igualdad y la inclusión sirven, en cambio, para reproducir la marginación, como parte de un sistema ideológicamente racializante.

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A través de este monográfico queremos contribuir al avance disciplinar de la enseñanza del español desde una perspectiva sociolingüística más ambiciosa y abierta que, junto a las consideraciones y aportes relacionados con los distintos niveles de variación y cambio de la lengua en contextos de enseñanza y aprendizaje, identifique ámbitos de acción y ofrezca respuestas ante fenómenos, entornos y dinámicas sociales que están presentes dentro y fuera de nuestras aulas.

The Routledge Handbook of Language and Intercultural Communication provides a comprehensive historical survey of language and intercultural communication studies with a critical assessment of past and present theory, research, and practice, as well as an insight into future directions.

Drawing on the expertise of leading scholars from different parts of the world, this second edition offers updated chapters by returning authors and many new contributions on a broad range of topics, including reflexivity and criticality, translanguaging, and social justice in relation to intercultural communication.With an emphasis on contemporary, critical perspectives, this handbook showcases the varied range of issues, perspectives, and approaches that characterise this increasingly important field in today’s globalised world.

Offering 34 chapters with examples from a variety of languages and international settings, this handbook is an indispensable resource for students and scholars working in the fields of intercultural communication, applied linguistics, TESOL/ TEFL, and communication studies.

Contenidos

Introduction and overview (Jane Jackson)

Section I: Foundations of language and intercultural communication studies

• A global look at the history and development of language and intercultural communication studies (Judith Martin, Thomas Nakayama, and Donal Carbaugh)
• Culture, communication, context, and power (Adrian Holliday)
• Language, identity, and intercultural communication (Kimberly Noels, Tomoko Yashima, and Ray Zhang)
• Conceptualizing intercultural (communicative) competence and intercultural citizenship (Michael Byram and Irina Golubeva)
• Reflexivity and criticality in language and intercultural communication research and practice (Julie Byrd Clark)

Section II: Core Themes and issues

Language, culture, and communication

• Linguaculture and transnationality: the cultural dimensions of language (Karen Risager)
• Intercultural rhetoric and intercultural communication (Dwight Atkinson)
• Interculturality and intercultural pragmatics (Istvan Kecskes)
• Speech acts, facework, and politeness: sociopragmatics, facework, and intercultural relationship-building (Winnie Cheng and Phoenix Lam)
• Translation, interpreting, and intercultural communication (Juliane House)

Language, identity, and intercultural communication

• Constructing the cultural Other: prejudice and stereotyping (Hans J. Ladegaard)
• Intercultural contact, hybridity, and third space (Claire Kramsch and Michiko Uryu)
• Gender, language, identity, and intercultural communication (Juliet Langman and Xingsong Shi)
• Translanguaging, identity, and migration (Zhu Hua and Li Wei)
• Language learning, identity, and intercultural communication in contexts of conflict and insecurity (Constadina Charalambous and Ben Rampton)

Language, intercultural (communicative) competence, and intercultural citizenship

• Language: an essential component of intercultural communicative competence (Alvino E. Fantini)
• From native speaker to intercultural speaker and beyond: intercultural (communicative) competence in foreign language education (Jane Wilkinson)
• World Englishes and intercultural communication (Farzad Sharifian and Marzieh Sadeghpour)
• Language education and global citizenship: decolonial and posthuman perspectives through pedagogies of discomfort (Melina Porto and Michalinos Zembylas)

Section III: Theory into practice: Towards intercultural (communicative) competence and citizenship

• Intercultural second language teacher education (Michael Kelly)
• Intercultural responsibility: transnational research and glocal critical citizenship (Manuela Guilherme)
• Intercultural communicative competence development through telecollaboration and virtual exchange (Robert O’Dowd and Melinda Dooly)
• Social justice, diversity, and intercultural-global citizenship education in the global context (Kathryn Sorrells)
• Assessing intercultural language learning (Anthony Liddicoat and Angela Scarino)

Section IV: Language and intercultural communication in context

• Intercultural language teaching and learning in classroom practice (Michelle Kohler)
• Intercultural communication in the multicultural classroom (Jennifer Mahon and Ken Cushner)
• The language and intercultural dimension of education abroad (Jane Jackson)
• Intercultural business education: the role of critical theory and experiential learning (Prue Holmes and Vivien Xiaowei Zhou)
• Intercultural communication in professional and workplace settings (Martin Warren and William W.L. Lee)
• Linguistically and culturally diverse project partnerships and teams (Helen Spencer-Oatey and Carolin Debray)
• Intercultural communication in health care settings (Gillian S. Martin and Jonathan Crichton)
• Intercultural communication in legal contexts (Christoph Hafner and Jade Du)
• Intercultural communication in tourism (Gavin Jack, Alision Phipps, and Octavio Barrientos Arriaga)

Section V: New Debates and future directions

• A global agenda for ethical language and intercultural communication research and practice (Malcolm MacDonald)

Este trabajo ofrece una clasificación de 66 locuciones verbales españolas que expresan emociones. La clasificación se establece siguiendo dos parámetros: de acuerdo con catorce emociones diferentes y en relación con dieciséis metáforas conceptuales que subyacen a su formación. En un nivel más general, todas las locuciones, independientemente de la emoción que expresan, se enmarcan bajo las dos metáforas conceptuales “El cuerpo humano es un recipiente” y “Una emoción es una sustancia dentro del recipiente”, y una de estas metonimias: “Los efectos fisiológicos de la emoción por la emoción” o “Las respuestas conductuales de la emoción por la emoción”. Desde una perspectiva aplicada, se propone una explotación didáctica de esta clasificación mediante actividades concretas para aprender estas locuciones en los niveles C1-C2. Las locuciones se enseñan a partir de la emoción que expresan y según los esquemas metafóricos subyacentes. Se promueve, además, la reflexión sobre el nexo motivado entre una locución y su significado, y el contraste con las metáforas de la lengua materna de los aprendientes. El fin último es presentar estos fraseologismos como unidades motivadas con el objetivo de favorecer su adquisición.

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This paper offers a classification of 66 Spanish verbal idioms that describe emotions based on two parameters. Firstly, the idioms are grouped into 14 emotions and secondly, they are organized into 16 conceptual metaphors. On a more general level, regardless of any specific sentiment that they express, all idioms are based on the two conceptual metaphors “The human body as container,” and “An emotion as a substance that occupies the container,” and one of the following metonymies: “The physiological effects of an emotion stand for the emotion,” or “The behavioural responses of an emotion stand for the emotion.” From an applied perspective, we present how this classification can be employed pedagogically through specific classroom activities at levels C1-C2 to learn these phrases. We suggest that idioms should be taught by focusing on their specific sentiment and underlying metaphors. Learners are invited to explore the communicative link between an idiom and its meaning, and to compare the Spanish metaphors with the metaphors in their L1. The ultimate goal is to teach idioms as whole units of meaning to foster cognitive acquisition.

This study measured the impact of explicit instruction on accent usage in the written production of Spanish heritage language (SHL) learners. 163 university students were divided into two types of basic—and intermediate—level SHL courses: one in which they received explicit instruction regarding accent marks (EI), and another in which they did not (non-EI). Findings suggest that the effectiveness of explicit instruction depends upon level of study and task type. In EI, the accuracy of first semester SHL students improved significantly, while their counterparts in non-EI course showed no appreciable gains. The case of intermediate-level learners, who had some prior formal study, was more variable. Although high-, mid-, and low-performing learners in second semester EI courses showed significant improvement in a dictation task (while their non-EI counterparts did not), performance on open-ended exam responses did not reflect significant improvement. In the analysis we consider task effects and within-group differences.

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El presente estudio evaluó el impacto de la instrucción explícita en el uso del acento ortográfico en la escritura de estudiantes de herencia hispanohablante. Un total de 163 estudiantes universitarios se dividieron en dos tipos de cursos de nivel básico e intermedio de español como lengua de herencia: uno en el que recibieron instrucción explícita (IE) sobre el uso del acento escrito y otro en el que no la recibieron (sin IE). Los resultados sugieren que el efecto de la instrucción explícita depende del nivel de estudio y del tipo de tarea. En las secciones con IE, la precisión de los estudiantes de español como lengua de herencia de primer semestre mejoró de modo significativo a lo largo del semestre, a diferencia de sus pares en las secciones sin IE quienes parecieron no mejorar. El caso de los estudiantes de nivel intermedio, quienes habían estudiado la lengua previamente, fue más variable. Aunque los estudiantes de alto, medio y bajo rendimiento en los cursos con IE de segundo semestre mostraron una mejora significativa en una tarea de dictado (a diferencia de sus pares en el curso sin IE), parecieron no mejorar en respuestas a preguntas abiertas. El análisis tiene en cuenta los efectos del tipo de tarea así como las diferencias dentro de los grupos.

This book contributes to emerging research on third language acquisition (TLA) and pinpoints the main factors characterising TLA as a different process and area of study from second language acquisition. Moving beyond the dichotomous conception of monolingualism and bilingualism, it proposes a holistic and interdisciplinary approach to studying acquisition of a third or additional language. It presents readers with a practical guide to understanding how these languages are processed, learned and taught and addresses the cognitive, linguistic and affective factors which make multilingual learning and teaching a complex and unique phenomenon. It also emphasises the important role of teachers as knowledge generators. Through various examples of multilingual education practices, it highlights how fundamental teachers are as bridges between education and research on multilingualism. This book will appeal to postgraduate students, teacher trainers and researchers in the fields of multilingual education and cognitive linguistics.

Contenidos
Introduction

Chapter 1. Second vs Third Language Acquisition 

Chapter 2. The Role of Prior Formal Language Learning and Mediating Factors in Third or Additional Language Acquisition 

Chapter 3. Metalinguistic Awareness and Third or Additional Language Acquisition  

Chapter 4. Multilingual Education and Translanguaging: A 'Practical Theory of Languages'

Chapter 5. From Bilingual to Multilingual Education: Teaching, Assessing and Testing Trends

Conclusion

Although new technologies are embedded in students’ lives today, there is often an assumption that their use is transparent, inconsequential, or a distraction. This book combines complex systems theory with sociocultural theory and the multimodal theory of communication, providing an innovative theoretical framework to examine how communication and meaning-making in the language classroom have developed over time, how technology impacts on meaning-making, and what the implications are for learners, teachers, institutions and policy makers. Recent studies provide evidence for the disruptive effect of technology which has resulted in a phase shift that is reshaping language education by creating new interaction patterns, allowing for multimodal communication, and introducing real-world communication into the classroom. The book proposes ways of responding to this shift before concluding that the new technologies are radically transforming the way we learn. It is likely to appeal to a range of readers, including students, academics, teachers and policy-makers.

Contenidos

• Introduction
• Theoretical Framework
• Human Meaning-Making: Communication Tools and Modes and Epistemic Practices
• Computer-Mediated Communication and Meaning-Making in the Language Classroom: Disruptions in Learning and Teaching
• What If?
• Implications for Teaching and for Research
• Conclusion